8 Steps In How To Write A Research Paper -- essays research papers

Here are 8 steps in how to research a research paper. These 8 steps are easy to follow and will increase your accuracy in researching your paper. These steps are a helping tool for any college or high school student with a long or short paper. Like any other writing project, research writing is a process involving a number of steps. Although you may be overwhelmed at first by the large scope of a research paper, if you break the task into smaller tasks, you'll find yourself able to complete even the largest assign-ment. First, start by understanding your paper; make sure you know what requirements your instructor is assigning. This is a key step in being able to outline your plan of attack. Second, focus on your topic. Narrowing your topic before you begin, and again several times as you proceed, will help you write a thorough paper, one that treats its subject accurately. Once you get into the library, you will find dozens of temptations to expand and extend your project. The clearer you are at the beginning about your project, the better off you'll be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Research writing requires two special kinds of focusing. The first is identifying the descriptors or key words that will guide your search through the library resources. You will want to spend some time brain-storming possible key words, or subject headings, under which you might find articles and books about your topic. The more precise your de-scriptors, the more likely you will be able to find useful articles. Finding key words or descriptors can be a creative process and it is a vital process to successful research. The second essential focusing activity is to formulate a question or cluster of related questions that will guide your search for information and ideas. Putting your topic into question form can help you locate sources and evaluate them quickly for suit-ability for your paper. Third, make a generalized position on your topic, which support your views. Although you should expect your ideas to change and improve as you continue working, you should begin with a first sense of what you think about your topic. It is easy to be overwhelmed by the opinions of more experienced writers, and if you enter the project without a preliminary sense of your own position, you may have a difficult time formulating an original position later. Forth, decide on a documentatio... ...upport your point of view, oth-ers will voice contrasting positions, and some will provide forceful views. Keep an open mind and represent what you learn in an organized manner, and give credit where credit is due. Keep your paper sweet and too the point. Follow this simple structure on how to make a simple structure on how to set up your paper: Cover Page-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Should include Title, Name of author, date. Outline-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Table of contents, skeletal structure of the paper. (If needed or used) Opening-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Opening arguments, tell what you are researching, state a thesis or view to prove. Body-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The information you are translating which supports your thesis. Conclusion-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Closing, brief summary of information presented, personal views or opinions. References-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cites noted page, this is where you list all the resources you used if any. Index-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quick link to pages where specific information is found in the paper. (if needed)

”The Knife Sharpener” by Bonnie Burnard Essay

The Knife Sharpener a short story written by Bonnie Burnard. This story is very interesting you never know that the knife sharpener will appear as a bad person because he appeared as a good old man who just borrowed a knives to sharpening and said â€Å"Maybe you’ve heard from your neighbours. I come around every March. Do mowers as well† as he was offering to do he mower for her in the beginning. Janet is a mother of three children. She do all the work in the house since her kids are still young to do some of the house work. Erin is six years old eldest child of Janet. The Knife Sharpener is an old man who sharpen knives and do mowers. The story happened in Janet’s place. The story happened during the day. The incident started happening when the knife sharpener took Erin’s hand and brought her somewhere. The story gets more intense when Janet starts panicking and decided to go after Erin and look for her. Janet saw Erin’s scarf on the ground stuccoed corner of a garage twenty yard ahead. Janet saw the knife sharpener talking to Erin in a gentle old man’s voice and Janet took Erin’s hand and questioned the knife sharpener. The knife sharpener said â€Å"Please don’t call the police†. The knife Sharpener by Bonnie Burnard is about the family, intense and it tells us not to trust any stranger and reveals the certain personality of some stranger when the old man took Erin away from her home. Why Janet didn’t call the police? And Why Janet having thoughts whether she’s going to tell about it to her husband or just keep it by herself and not to tell to anyone? The Knife Sharpener might have a bad intension to the family of Janet. The knife sharpener appeared to be a good old man who just a knife to use for sharpening and offered to do their mower so he can go inside the house. He even made Janet’s feelings comfortable around with him and he suddenly changed his mood when Janet said that her eldest is going to be home soon for lunch. The knife sharpener waited for Erin to go out again and reached her hand and brought Erin somewhere. I think that the knife sharpener will going to do something bad to Erin or kidnap Erin since he took her twenty yards away from her home. There is only two possible thing he will do it is either the knife sharpener will rape Erin or he will kidnap Erin.

Loneliness in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay

Loneliness nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There is only one thing in life that is really needed and that is friends. Without friends, people would suffer from loneliness and solitude. Loneliness leads to low self-estee. In the novel, Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, the characters, Crooks, Candy, and Curly’s wife all show some form of loneliness. They are curious of George and Lennie’s friendship because they do not have that support in their life. Through his novel, Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck demonstrates that many times, a victim of loneliness will have a never-ending search to fulfill a friendship. quot;A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody. Don’t matter no difference who the guy is, longs he with you. I tell ya a guy gets too†¦show more content†¦They play cards in there, but I can’t play because I’m Black. They say I stink. Well I tell you, you all stink to me!quot; (Steinbeck, 75) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Nobody likes to be forced to live in a barn, let alone to work only with the horses. Crooks spent most of his nights reading and he keeps away from others because of the way he is treated and this eventually leads to his very own emotional downfall. He is treated as an outcast and is forced to find friendship the only way he can, through the books that he reads. The Counseling Center of the University of Buffalo said that: quot;When you are alone, use the time to enjoy yourself. For example, listen to music or watch a favorite television show. Do not spend the time eating endlessly or worrying about your problems.quot; Obviously Crooks is aware of his problem and tries to cope with it through books and magazines. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Crooks is fascinated by the strength of the friendship of Lennie and George especially how close they are. Crooks said, quot;Well, s’pose, jus’ s’pose he don’t come back. What’ll you do then?quot; (Steinbeck, 79) Crooks asks these questions because he does not have any friends. He was curious about the friendship of Lennie and George. He wants the people to feel the way that he did when he was lonely, having nobody with them. He is striving to achieve sympathy and understanding from others. Crooks would work forShow MoreRelatedLoneliness In John Steinbecks Of Mice And Men1358 Words   |  6 Pages The Depression of Loneliness â€Å"Guys like us...are the loneliest guys in the world†(Steinbeck 15). Loneliness as a common feeling by the millions of migrant workers all over the United States during the Great Depression. John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, set in this era, depicts a story of loneliness within an old man named Candy; a young woman known as Curley’s Wife; and a discriminated African American named Crooks, on a barely farm in California. The ranch is filled with migrant workers, butRead More Loneliness in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay2202 Words   |  9 PagesLoneliness in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men       Mother Theresa once said, Loneliness is a mans worst poverty. Without friends and companions, people begin to suffer from loneliness and solitude (Dusenbury 38). Loneliness is an inevitable fact of life and cannot be avoided, as shown prevalent through each of the characters in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men. Each and every character in this novel exhibits loneliness. Lennie was isolated for being mentally handicapped, Candy was isolatedRead MoreFriendship And Loneliness In John Steinbecks Of Mice And Men779 Words   |  4 PagesThe characters make dreams that cannot be achieved in John Steinbeck’s, Of Mice and Men, where friendship and loneliness are shown by certain characters in this novella. Friendship is one of the key character traits in the novella. For instance, friendship would be Lennie and George, their friendship is what holds them together and although Lennie is not smart, George still accompanies him as a friend. Continuously as George play more tricks on Lennie he began to see how Lennie didnt care forRead MoreEssay on Loneliness in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men1162 Words   |  5 Pagesof loneliness in John Steinbeck’s novel Of Mice and Men. In the light of the American economical collapse, there were a significant number of itinerant workers, who lived in a nomadic lifestyle, migrating in search of jobs. This continuous migration deterred them from building substantial relationships. Due to the lack of companionship and depression of the era, it appears that the characters are bound to loneliness. Most of the characters in John Steinbeck’s novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ areRead MoreLoneliness In John Steinbecks Of Mice And Men1490 Words   |  6 Pages The Effect of Loneliness in Of Mice and Men â€Å"Loneliness centres on the act of being seen. When a person is lonely, [he/she] long to be witnessed, accepted, desired, at the same time as becoming intensely wary of exposure† (Laing). As this quote suggests, when people begin to feel lonely, they wish to be accepted. But along with the desire for attention, the lonesome person’s suspicion grows. They become wary of the people around them, fearing rejection or judgement. Believing thatRead MoreEssay on Theme of Loneliness in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men1136 Words   |  5 PagesThe Theme of Loneliness in Of Mice and Men      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the novel, Of Mice and Men John Steinbeck used George and Lennies relationship and the theme of hope to point out the loneliness in the novel. The novel starts off and is set in Soledad which means lonely. At the beginning they get a job working on a farm together. Lennie is a little retarded and has great physical strength that isnt too controllable. As they work from ranch to ranch, Lennie relies on George for guidance and help. RatherRead MoreThe Theme of Loneliness in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay870 Words   |  4 PagesThe Theme of Loneliness in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, is set in the farmlands of Salinas Valley in California during the 1930’s. At this time there was a world wide depression caused by the Wall Street crash in America. John Steinbeck was born and brought up in Salinas California, he had lived and experienced a life of a migrant worker and that is what inspired him to write this novel (novella?). This meant he could paint a lot Read MoreAlienation and Loneliness in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men749 Words   |  3 Pages‘..Guys like us that work on ranches are the loneliest guys in the world they got no family they don’t belong no place.’ This is what many felt during the ‘great depression’ in the 1930’s. John Steinbeck gives us the sense that many felt lonely ‘they got no family they don’t belong no place. The main theme of this novel is alienation; the three characters, Curley’s wife, candy, and crooks are all alienated, and felt it by another person at some point. They all have dreams... it’s the American dreamRead MoreLoneliness and Lenny in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men Essay608 Words   |  3 Pagesworkers. The novel by John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men, is set in the times of the Great Depression. Steinbeck had abandoned the romantic view of mankind s occupying a special place in nature or that man is guided towards special ends. He did not see man as special or particularly cared for. Of Mice and Men reflects this philosophy. The characters experience loneliness, are unhappy with this state and desire empathy. For various reasons the characters in the novel experience loneliness. These reasons includeRead MoreOf Mice And Men Isolation1219 Words   |  5 Pages Isolation, or loneliness, is a prevalent feeling shared by many individuals in societies of older generations and future generations. It is commonly misunderstood that every individual has someone to talk to, someone to express themselves to, however, that is a misconception. There are many who suffer from the pain that isolation brings forth. In addition, there are several divisions in society that cause an emptiness in certain individuals. In society, categories such as race, gender, age, and

Analyzing Esoteric Alchemy And The Alchemist - 2489 Words

Alchemy began in Hellenistic Egypt particularly in Alexandria. Alexandria was founded in 332 B.C, and quickly became the heartbeat of Hellenistic cosmopolitanism. The Art itself had both exoteric and esoteric purposes, which were centered on the transmutation of base metals into silver and gold. Exoterically speaking it took the form of crafting matter into items of value. However, as a natural development the material means and ends of the Art were often intermixed with the immaterial world. Both were interdependent and intermixed with each other in various ways. Historical analyses of exoteric and esoteric Alchemy suggest that it is impossible to fully separate the two because they are sympathetic to each other. Simply put, whether or not the Alchemist understands esoteric immaterial factors of the practice still have an impact. The purpose of this paper is to analyze esoteric Alchemy and to discuss what the immaterial means and ends of the Work could have meant to the Alchem ist, and concludes that the Art was a work of crafting the soul. The approach used in this paper will first examine Hellenistic cosmopolitanism through the idea of the supernatural, the soul, and virtue, and then I will discuss Alchemy as understood by from and close to the Hermetic tradition. Many Alchemists had an understanding of the natural and supernatural that parallels antique thought as a whole. Common in the culture was a desire to understand, communicate, and develop virtue. There was

The History of Organ Donation and Transplantation

Organ donation is the surgical removal of organs or a tissue of one person to be transplanted to another person for the purpose of replacing a failed organ damaged by disease or injury. Organs and tissues that can be transplanted are liver, kidneys, pancreas, heart, lungs, intestines, cornea, middle ear, skin, bone, bone marrow, heart valves, and connective tissues. Everyone regardless of age can consider themselves as potential donors. After one dies, he is evaluated if he is suited for organ donation based on their medical history and their age as determined by the Organ Procurement Agency (Cleveland Clinic). The main advantage of this medical surgery is that it is conceived for the purpose of saving people’s lives – one organ can†¦show more content†¦The transplantation that took 5 hours and a half hours which made Richard survive for eight years, was the stepping stone for thousands of transplants done after this operation which ultimately led surgeons to perform transplants of other organs. Dr. Joseph Murray who performed the transplantation on the twins and the lead surgeon at the Brigham Hospital in Boston won a Nobel Prize in 1990 (Shelly, 2010). 2.2.3. Later Attempts and Discoveries Blood and Skin. In 18th century, a German surgeon, Karl Thiersh, introduced an epidermal skin grafting called â€Å"Thiersh Graft† which is a specific grafting method using the epidermis and a portion of the dermis. This advancement in skin transplantation is still used today. Aside from skin grafts, blood transplantation was also gaining interest during this time. English gynaecologist, James Blundell was the first doctor to ever invent a machine dedicated to blood transplantation. In 1900, Paul Ehrlich discovered the potential of erythrocytes in creating haemolytic antibodies in blood transfusions and his discovery was thoroughly explained by Karl Landsteiner (Shelly, 2010). By 20th century, Alexis Carrel experimented with dogs and discovered a way to effectively anastomose blood vessels though this doesn’t bypass graft rejections and transfusions caused by antibodies. Total body irradiation was found to supress the immune system to maintain the transplantation however it also produced bone marrow aplasia which resultedShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Organ Donation Essay1509 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Organ Donation Flashback to when you were sixteen years old. Young, naive, and about to be ruling the streets with your very own Driver’s License. You passed your written and physical driving exams, but before you are able to get your â€Å"right of passage†, you must indicate whether or not you are willing to donate your organs in the case of your death. But how does one know which box to check? It is your responsibility to educate yourself in the matter because ignorance is not alwaysRead MoreOrgan Donation and Transplantation 982 Words   |  4 PagesOrgan and tissue donation is life-saving and life transforming medical process wherein organs and tissues were removed from a donor and transplant them to a recipient who is very ill from organ failure. It is said that one organ can save up to 10 people and may improve the lives of thousands more (Australian Red Cross Blood Service, 2011). Most of the donated organs and tissues came from people who already died but in some cases, a l iving person can donate organs such as kidneys, heart, liver, pancreasRead MoreBioprinting Human Organs: The Past, Present, And Future.1488 Words   |  6 Pages Bioprinting Human Organs: The Past, Present, and Future Written by: Emmitt Mikkelson, Alexander Turnbull and John Wesley Table of Contents: I. Introduction II. History of Organ Transplants III. Development of Bioprinting IV. Current Bioprinting Processes V. Bioprinting Human Organs for Transplantation VI. Insurance Coverage for Organ Transplants VII. Ethical Considerations and Alternative Ideas VIII. The Future of Bioprinting IX. Conclusion Read MoreInformative Speech Organ Donation and Transplant Essay1042 Words   |  5 Pageshours someone dies waiting for an organ transplant. 18 people will die each day waiting for an organ. One organ donor can save up to 8 lives. . THE NEED IS REAL In Jan 2006 I began to lose my eyesight. A year later I became a candidate for cornea tissue transplant. I am a cornea tissue transplant recipient. As a result I felt is necessary to inform you about the history and facts on organ donation and transplantation. C. Audience Adaptation – Organ transplantation represents a unique partnershipRead MoreOrgan Allocation Case Study : Correctional Healthcare1147 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan Allocation Case Study: Correctional Healthcare Healthcare workers and the ethics board make tough decisions that impact the patient’s future, specifically related to organ allocation. Organ transplantation is extremely important in order to save lives, prolong survival, and increase the quality of life (Beyar, 2017). Each year the number of people on the waiting list continues to rise at an alarming rate. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, organ donation statisticsRead MoreOrgan Donation Essay1194 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan Donation Today in the United States there are thousands of people currently waiting for some type of transplant. If one were to ask a group of people if they have friends or family who have either had a transplant or are waiting for one, one would find that most people know at least one person who has had a transplant or is waiting for one. Transplantation is a great advance in modern medicine. The need for organ donors is much larger than the number of people who sign up to donateRead MoreAn Emergency Room On A Calm Day1424 Words   |  6 Pagesexplain to the parents that the medical team discovered that Karly carried an organ donor card in her wallet. As a registered organ donor, Karly, in the unpropitious possibility of her death, elected to donate all of her surviving organs to those in need. Ultimately, she wanted one last chance to save someone’s life and change his world. Two situations could arise out of this predicament: Karly’s parents could deny organ donati on or they could allow Karly’s sacrifice save someone else’s life. UltimatelyRead MoreImportance Of Organ Donation1094 Words   |  5 Pagesof them die because of the lack of donor organs? Still don’t care? What if among all the persons there is someone whom you know? I suppose now you care. I will introduce you the myths about organ donation, real facts and solutions. Let me introduce you first the definition of organ donation and some details of the history of donation. Organ donation is the process of providing an organ, organs, or partial organ to transplant into one or more people. Organ donors can be deceased or living. AccordingRead MoreOrgan Donation Is The Surgical Removal Of Organs Or A Tissue Transplant?1430 Words   |  6 PagesOrgan donation is the surgical removal of organs or a tissue transplanted to another for the purpose of exchanging a failed organ injured by disease or injury. Organs and tissues that can be transferred are liver, kidneys, pancreas, heart, lungs, intestines, cornea, middle ear, skin, bone, bone marrow, heart valves, and connective tissues. Each person regardless of age can consider themselves a prospective donors. Before one dies, he/she is assessed to see if they might be appropriate for organ donationRead MoreOrgan Donation And The Ethical Implications1441 Words   |  6 Pagesbecoming an organ donor can save lives and improve the quality of life of the recipient. When an individual is in need of an organ transplant, it is typically known that they are in need of an organ that facilitates a restoration of physiological functioning and will often mean the difference between life and death. A vast majority of individuals are apprehensive about what happens to their bodies after their death. In this paper we will go through the origins and history of organ donation, the process

Nursing and Theory Free Essays

Theories and models of nursing practice Dr. Sabah Abbas Ahmad College of Nursing university of Baghdad Sabah. abbas@ymail. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing and Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now com COMPETENCIES 1. Definitions of theory, concept, model, proposition. 2. Explain the relationships of concepts and propositions to theory 3. Discuss the purpose of theory. 4. Explain the USE OF theories from other disciplines: . .5. Explain the interdependent roles of nursing practice, nursing theory, and nursing research. .6. History and evolution of nursing theory 7. Identify m Common concept in nursing Theories. 8. Identify the three categories relating to the scope of theories. .. – Theories and models of nursing practice Introduction: Nursing theory provides a perspective from which to define the what of nursing, to describe the who of nursing (who is the client) and when nursing is needed, and to identify the boundaries and goals of nursing’s therapeutic activities. Theory is fundamental to effective nursing practice and research. The professionalization of nursing has been and is being brought about through the development and use of nursing theory. The basic elements that structure a nursing theory are concepts and propositions. In a theory, propositions represent how concepts affect each other. A concept is the basic building block of a theory. Definitions – A concept : Is a vehicle of thought? According to Chinn and Kramer (1995, p. 78), the refers to a â€Å"complex mental formulation of †¦ our Perceptions of an observable fact that term concept the world. † A concept labels or names a phenomenon, can be perceived through the senses and explained. A concept assists us in formulating a mental image about an object or situation. Concepts help us to name things and occurrences in the world around us and assist us in communicating with each other about the world. Independence, self-care, and caring are just a few examples of concepts frequently encountered in health care. Theories are formulated by linking concepts together. -A conceptual framework or Model: is a structure that links global concepts together and represents the unified whole of a larger reality. The specifics about phenomena within the global whole are better explained by theory. By its nature, a concept is a socially constructed label that may represent more than a single phenomenon. For example, when you hear the word chair, a mental image that probably comes to mind is an item of furniture used for sitting. The word chair could represent many different kinds of furniture for sitting, such as a desk chair, a high chair, or an easy chair . It is important to remember that the same concept may be used differently in various theories. For example, one nursing theory may use the concept of environment to mean all that surrounds a human being (the external environment), whereas another theory may use this concept to mean the external environment and all the biological and psychological components of the person (the internal environment). – What Is a Proposition? A proposition: (another structural element of a theory) is a statement that proposes a relationship between concepts. An example of a nonnursing proposition might be the statement â€Å"people seem to be happier in the springtime. This proposition establishes a relationship between the concept of happiness and the time of the year. A nursing propositional statement linking the concept of helplessness and the concept of loss might be stated as â€Å"multiple and rapid losses predispose one to feelings of helplessness. † Propositional statements in a theory represent the theorist’s particular view of which concepts fit together and, in mo st theories, establish how concepts affect one another. What Is a Theory? A theory: is a set of concepts and propositions that provide an orderly way to view phenomena. In the scientific literature, Nursing theory is developed to describe the phenomenon (process, occurrence, or event) called nursing. Nursing theory differentiates nursing from other disciplines and activities that in that the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling desired outcome of nursing care practices. – â€Å"The purpose of a theory: in scientific disciplines is to guide research to enhance the science by supporting existing knowledge or generating new knowledge†. A theory not only helps us to organize our thoughts and ideas, but it may also help direct us in what to do and when and how to do it. The use of the term theory is not restricted to the scientific world, however. It is often used in daily life and conversation. For example, when telling a friend about a mystery novel you are reading, you may have said, â€Å"I have a theory about who committed the crime. † -USE OF theories from other disciplines: In addition to using theories specifically constructed to describe, explain, and predict the phenomena of concern to nursing, the nursing profession has long used theories from other disciplines. A discipline : is a field of study. Theories from biological, physical, and behavioral sciences are commonly used in the practice of nursing. For example, nonnursing theories such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs, Erikson’s Theory of Human Development, and Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome have been and continue to be useful in nursing practice. These nonnursing theories are often incorporated into nursing practice together with specific nursing theories. – – Importance of nursing theories ;in clinical practice: Nursing theories provide a framework for thought in which to examine situations. As new situations are encountered, this framework provides a structure for organization, analysis, and decision making. In addition, nursing theories provide a structure for communicating with other nurses and with other members of the health care team. Nursing theories assist the discipline of nursing in clarifying beliefs, values, and goals, and they help to define the unique contribution of nursing in the care of clients. When the focus of nursing’s contribution is clear, then greater professional autonomy and, ultimately, control of certain aspects of practice are achieved. In the broadest sense, nursing theory is necessary for the continued development and evolution of the discipline of nursing. Because the world of health care changes virtually on a daily basis, nursing needs to continue to expand its knowledge base to proactively respond to changes in societal needs. Knowledge for nursing practice is developed through nursing research that, in turn, is used to either test existing theories or generate new theories. Nursing Practice Nursing research Nursing theory Process of knowledge development. Nursing practice, theory, and research are interdependent. Nursing theory development and nursing research activities are directed toward developing nursing practice standards . Nurses may use a specific nursing theory to help guide their practice or may choose a more eclectic approach and adopt ideas from several theories. Both of these approaches are valid. Furthermore, nurses may find some theories more appropriate for certain situations. In that case, one theory can be used with a client in a home health care setting, whereas another theory may be more applicable to a client in an acute care environment. Regardless of the approach chosen, nurses will recognize the value and usefulness of nursing theory as a tool for effective nursing practice. Common concept in nursing Theories: Four concepts common in nursing theory that influence and determine nursing practice are: 1-The person (patient) 3- Health and 4- Nursing Each of these concepts is usually defined and described by a nursing theorist, and although these concepts are common to all nursing theories, both the definition and the relations among them may differ from one theory to another. Of the four concepts, the most important is that of the person . The focus of nursing, regardless of definition or Theory, is the person. Relationship of theory to nursing process: Professional nurses use theories from nursing and from the behavioral sciences to collect, organize, and classify patient data and to understand, analyze, and interpret patients’ health situations. Theoretical concepts and theories guide all phases of the nursing process, including planning, implementing, and evaluating nursing care, while also describing and explaining desired responses to and outcomes of care. The major concepts of a chosen model or theory guide each of the nursing process . The concepts serve as categories to the nurse in determining what information is relevant and should be collected to make assessments and to formulate nursing diagnoses. The concepts also suggest the appropriate types of nursing interventions and patient outcomes to be included in the care plan. Types of theories: â€Å"Although theories address relatively specific and concrete phenomena, they vary in scope. Scope refers to the relative level of substantive specificity of a theory and the concreteness of its concepts and propositions† three different categories relate to the scope of theories: grand theories, middle-range theories, and micro-range theories. This classification is applicable to both nursing and nonnursing theories. 1- A grand theory is composed of concepts representing global and extremely complex phenomena. It is the broadest in scope, represents the most abstract level of development, and addresses the broad phenomena of concern within the discipline. Typically, a grand theory is not intended to provide guidance for the formation of specific nursing interventions, but rather provides an overall framework for structuring broad, abstract ideas (Fawcett, 1993). An example of a grand theory is Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing. 2- Middle-Range Theory : A theory that addresses more concrete and more narrowly defined phenomena than a grand theory is known as a middle-range theory. Descriptions, explanations, and predictions put forth in a middle-range theory are intended to answer questions about nursing phenomena, yet they do not cover the full range of phenomena of concern to the discipline. A middle- ange theory provides a perspective from which to view complex situations and a direction for interventions (Fawcett, 1993). An example of a middlerange theory is Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations. 3- A micro-range theory is the most concrete and narrow in scope. A micro- range theory explains a specific phenomenon of concern to the discipline (Fawcett, 1993), such as the effect of social supports on grieving and would establish nursing care guidelines to address the problem. History and evolution of nursing theor y The work of early nursing theorists in the 1950s focused on the tasks of nursing practice from a somewhat mechanistic viewpoint. Because of this emphasis, much of the art of nursing—the value of caring, the relationship aspects of nursing, and the esthetics of practice—was diminished. During the decades of the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, many nursing theorists struggled with making nursing practice, theory, and research fit into the then prevailing view of science. Reflecting changes in global awareness of health care needs, several contemporary nursing theorists have projected a new perspective for nursing that truly unifies the notion of nursing as both an art and a science. Noted nursing theorists such as Leininger, Watson, Rogers, Parse, and Newman have been urging the discipline of nursing to embrace this new emerging view that is seen as more holistic, humanistic, client focused, and grounded in the notion of caring as the core of nursing. Since the early 1950s, many nursing theories have been systematically developed to help describe, explain, and predict the phenomena of concern to nursing. Each of these established theories provides a unique perspective and each is distinct and separate from other nursing theories in its particular view of nursing phenomena. REFERENCES Leahy,j. ,Kizilay,P. : Foundations of nursing practice; Nursing process Approach, New York, W. B. Saunders, 2005 White, L. : Foundations of Nursing: Caring the Whole Person, NewYork, Thomson Learning, 2001 How to cite Nursing and Theory, Papers

Peer Evaluation Example free essay sample

The first speech I am going to evaluate is Jane Does speech about why music is good for people and the positives effect of it. Jane started out very well by giving a personal example of using music in her own life which got the audiences attention. I liked it when she started off with a story and example because it helped me understand what she was trying to say to the class. She then introduced her topic and stated her reasons of why everybody should have an Pod and listen to music. This was a good strategy because It was well organized and simple which helped her peep the audiences focus.Being too complicated would have caused the class to lose sight of her argument. I enjoyed the outline of her speech because It was simple and straight to the point. Although her outline was well thought out, the way she presented her argument could have used a little work. We will write a custom essay sample on Peer Evaluation Example or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jane wrote out a paper to explain her arguments so that she would not miss anything Important that she wanted to say. This Is a good way to be organized: however, she kept her head down most of the time and read off her paper word-by-word. This affected her voice which made her sound ;monotone. Also, an important thing about giving speeches and attracting the audiences attention is to looking at the audience, making contact with them like you are speaking directly to them. I did not feel as if she had any contact with anyone since she was reading from her paper. I think if she would have had more eye contact, the audience would have been more interested and accepted her arguments. Another thing that affected her speech presentation was that she was very quiet and t was difficult to hear her.It did not seem like she was very passionate about her topic because she stayed at one level with her tone and her dynamics throughout the speech did not seem to change. In other words, she could have used more vocal variety and projection. Overall I think Jane picked a great topic that everybody could relate to and she used great points to explain her stance. However, I think if she would have been more excited about her topic and had contact with the audience, the speech would have been even better.